Robert M. Samborski
Consultant
USA



BIO
Robert M. Samborski served for 24 years as the Executive Director of GITA (formerly AM/FM International) beginning in 1988. During this period, he managed a staff that provided a variety of services to members and non-members of the association as well as the geospatial community in general. Samborski has authored numerous articles for newsletters and magazines worldwide. He has attended hundreds of conferences and meetings worldwide and has represented GITA by speaking on geospatial technology and the association on six continents. Robert is currently semi-retired and is pursuing freelance travel writing. He also provides occasional services to geospatial industry organizations, including Geospatial Media & Communications Pvt Ltd, Noida, India, contributing to the content of Geospatial World and also to various conferences undertaken by Geospatial Media, including the Geospatial World Forum. He has a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from the University of Colorado and a Master’s degree in Public and International Affairs from Texas Christian University. From 1979 to 1984, Samborski served in various management capacities for the American Public Works Association in Chicago. He served in the U.S. Army as a NATO security offi cer assigned to the Royal Netherlands Air Force in Europe from 1973 to 1975.

Mark Reichardt
President and Chief Executive Officer
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
USA






BIO
Mark Reichardt is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC). He also serves on the Board of Directors of the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association and on the BuildingSmart Alliance Board of Directors. Before joining OGC, Reichardt was involved in technology modernisation and production programmes for the US Government. Under his leadership, the Geospatial Information Integrated Product Team (GIIPT) validated the ability of commercial off-the-shelf hardware and software to meet many of the DoD's functional requirements for geospatial production operations. He has also been associated with former US Vice President Al Gore's National Partnership for Reinventing Government to manage a programme to illustrate how the use of geospatial information and technologies could improve coordination between local and federal governments. In 1999, he was selected to establish and lead an international Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) programme for the US Federal Geographic Data Committee. He has helped establish globally compatible national and regional SDI practices in Africa, South America, Europe and the Caribbean, and was instrumental in establishing several nation-to-nation collaborative SDI agreements.

Vesna Milinkovic
GI Manager
London Metropolitan Police
UK




BIO
Having read Geology at the University of Belgrade, Vesna’s career progressed as a Geologist, IT Analyst and Project Manager developing ICT skills in different areas such as GIS, Technical Architecture, Project Management, Business Analyst, and Information Management. Vesna joined the MPS in March 2008 as a senior GI Analyst / Project Manager to deliver the future Geographic Information capabilities / services to the MPS business functions and to the 2012 Olympic Games emergency services Stakeholders. Vesna launched the MPS GI Strategy, which defined the scope of the GI System, to senior stakeholders, including Government. Prior to this appointment Vesna worked for British Transport Police as a GI Manager where she initiated and developed the Corporate GI Strategy which was accepted and indorsed by Chief Officer Group. This delivered the corporate GI solution for BTP. Vesna also had a successful career as a geologist working on numerous engineering and manning projects for more than 15 years. Vesna’s working experience has spanned over several countries which has helped her to display very open minded and flexible approach and enables her to adapt to a new situation quickly.

ABSTRACT
The Value Return on GI Services in Local Policing in London
The Metropolitan Police Services (MPS) have in 2012 introduced a new mission to deliver ‘The Total Policing’ to the people of London. The objectives are to provide the best police service with reducing the crime rate by 20%, cutting costs by 20% and increasing public confidence by 20%. The MPS has to save £500million by April 2015. These challenges could be underpinned with effective and efficient use of geospatial information, open standard GI technologies, GI services and adequate user training.

The Metropolitan Police Services (MPS) in the last decade invested a few million pounds into geospatial technologies. The initial GI Programme started in 2005 which delivered the GI base line. The GI technologies were still fragmented, and worked in silo. Therefore a need was identified – to modernise and provide GI technology as services. The first new GI services were delivered to support the Olympic Games 2012 and will continue with developing and implementing a series of new GI services. The implemented GI open standard technologies are promoting interoperability or re-usability with minimum investment requirements for the minor applications customisation.

It is expected that return and benefits (tangible and non-tangible) on investment will be generated rapidly. The benefits are:

• The new services will provide savings associated with the consolidation of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications from various vendors. This will provide huge savings in the procurement of new and maintenance of the existing software licences.
• Reduction in training requirements as a result of consolidation in a number of GI systems across the organisation
• Reduction in on-going support costs due to the decommissioning of old GI systems
• Reusability and Integration of the GI Services in various GI Applets and Information Management Systems (legacy applications)
• Effectiveness / efficiency achieved due to the reduction / streamlining in the number of systems that will need to be interrogated as part of the business processes
• The ability to use and reuse geographic data among different applications is providing savings in data acquisition and lowering the maintenance cost.

Sharon L. Palmer
Divisional Director
Global Analytics
Willis Group
UK



ABSTRACT
Significance of Geospatial Analytics within the Insurance Sector
Willis is a leading global risk advisor, insurance and reinsurance broker offering market-leading products and professional services in risk management and transfer. Clients are increasingly demanding consultative services to both understand and mitigate against risk. As such the insurance transaction and analytics have become intrinsically linked. Geospatial analytics in the insurance sector centre upon two core themes, exposure and risk. The analytical objective is to understand and price this risk. With this objective in mind Willis has developed geospatial applications, models and techniques to locate, visualize and rate. Traditionally these techniques have been restricted to static, property related exposure. The integration of satellite technology and shared web content extends these capabilities to real time event analysis and risk management. Increasingly geospatial analytics are required for non-static risks and emerging markets. The challenge is to identify geospatial solutions for industry sectors ranging from agribusiness to aviation and marine to supply chain. As geospatial technology moves away from a dependency upon desktop applications and sophisticated GIS users, online resources and integration with non-GIS applications could offer the opportunity to empower the analytical broker. The aim of this presentation is to highlight the significance of geospatial analytics within the insurance sector from risk management to reinsurance and the applications /techniques developed by Willis.

Andreas Siebert
Head Geospatial Solutions, Corporate
Underwriting Accumulation Risks Munich Reinsurance
Germany




BIO
Andreas spent his early career in the geo-consultant industry as expert for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing applications working in various parts of the world. He subsequently pursued an spatial information and analysis specialisation, and in particular the development and installation of GIS, GPS and mapping tools in different institutions and international organisations. A geographer by initial profession, he has longstanding interests in natural risks and risk assessment. Since 1995 he is a member of Munich Re´s Geo Risks Research Team. His main interest has been the development of solutions and services to assist insurance underwriters and risk experts to manage their exposure to natural and man-made catastrophes by combining insurance information with (geo)scientific data. Since 2004 he is heading the Geospatial Solutions Department in Munich Re, which is today part of Corporate Underwriting. In many lectures and articles in the geoscience and insurance community he is stressing the benefit of geospatial and mapping solutions in the management of natural hazards. In 2009 he starts to lecture “Risk management – Focussing global NatCat risks” at the University of Deggendorf. In 2011 his team was a finalist of the Geo Business Award presented by the German Ministry of Economy for the NATHAN Risk Suite, a global geo-based risk assessment tool.

ABSTRACT
Implementation of Geo-Intelligence in the Insurance Industry – A valuable Investment?
The use of geoinformation is becoming increasingly common in the insurance industry and it has established a foothold more quickly than was expected a few years ago. This lecture deals with the latest geoinformation applications, solutions and trends. It all began with a printed World Map of Natural Hazards in 1978. Today geoinformation technology is connected to the internet, provides real-time risk analysis and can be directly linked to individual workflows. In the last few years, geoinformation systems have established themselves in the insurance industry. Initially, these systems were largely used by reinsurers and modelling firms in the handling of property insurance risks. Today, geo-based solutions are used for a much broader spectrum, including primary insurers. Geomarketing is a good example. By using geoinformation technology, regional business potential can be more easily identified, sales structures optimised and products and rates more precisely adjusted to the actual risk situations. Property insurance is one of the areas where Munich Re uses geointelligence: local industrial accidents or regional earthquakes are linked to the geographic distribution of the insurer’s portfolio to model specific loss expectation figures. These enhanced risk models ensure accurate risk assessment and claims management. However, the full potential of this geographical knowledge can only be realised if the applications are linked to working processes. This has been made possible by the internet. Browser-based geo tools in particular enable underwriters and risk managers to use the systems at their workstations without incurring major installation costs. Applications are still used primarily to visualise and identify risk locations, portfolios and loss zones – i.e. for geocoding and hazard lookups. Geoprocessing is required if the task involves real-time geographical or even historic portfolio-data analysis. Here, data and information do not have to be stored on individual company computers, since the maps, satellite images, damage-zone, height and statistical data of an external provider can be readily accessed from a company's own applications with an online connection. The user “composes” an up-to-date knowledge map according to topic and objective. A natural hazard analysis tool for many risk management requirements is a Munich Re development, called Risk Mapper, a web-based cutting-edge technology. The Risk Mapper can be used for disaster modelling, risk identification and even loss prevention. Problems and challenges during the technical and organizational implementation of geo solutions within an reinsurance company are discussed and a evaluated.

Dave Benson
Regional Sales Director for Enterprise Business
DigitalGlobe
UK




BIO
Dave Benson, works for DigitalGlobe as the Regional Sales Director for Enterprise business in Europe, Middle East and Africa. Mr Benson focusses on the oil & gas, mining, engineering, environment market sectors and is responsible for both direct business with multi-national enterprises and managing OEMs providing value added services to these segments. He has 20 years’ experience of geographic data sales in roles for HarperCollinsPublishers, Infotech Enterprises, TeleAtlas and DigitalGlobe in diverse range of markets with a particular expertise in building “ecosystems” to address the requirements of the market to solve business problems with geographic data as the core. Mr Benson holds a BSc in Applied Physics from Brunel University and a Post Graduate Certificate of Education from London University (Chelsea College). His roles have included Physics Teacher, Software Trainer for Data General, Product Management for a Computer Rental/ Leasing Company and Educational Sales/ Software Development Manager for an Apple dealer before moving into a variety of sales management/ marketing roles for primary geographic data suppliers both in UK and internationally. Mr Benson is a native English speaker.

Susan Ancel
Director Water
Distribution and Transmission
EPCOR Water Services
Canada



BIO
Susan since 2005 has been the Director of Water Distribution and Transmission for EPCOR Water Services, Inc. (EWSI) in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This group is responsible for the planning, engineering, construction, operation and maintenance of the water distribution and metering systems owned and operated by EWSI. Susan, a mechanical engineer, was the co-chair of EWSI’s Water Capital Steering Committee which reviews and approvals all Capital expenditures within the water utility from 2001 to 2008. She is the past chair of the AWWA Engineering Computer Applications Committee and served on the Board of the Geospatial Information Technology Association (GITA) from 2001 to 2007 and in 2011 and served as President of GITA in 2006. Susan joined the City of Edmonton Water Branch in 1992 after spending 5 years as a consulting engineer working on various municipal and industrial projects in Western Canada.  

Xavier Irias
Director of Engineering and Construction
East Bay Municipal Utility District
USA




BIO
Xavier Irias is the Director of Engineering and Construction for the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), a water/wastewater utility, in Oakland, California, with over 1,300,000 customers. Irias has worked for over 25 years as a professional engineer in the water industry. His current duties include managing a staff of 255 to complete planning, design, and construction of $100 million per year in infrastructure improvements, many of which have garnered industry awards. This effort involves leveraging geospatial technologies to improve operations and maintenance, as well as to guide cost-effective capital investment. As a senior executive at EBMUD, Irias participates in strategic planning for the entire organization. An area of focus is maintaining system resilience in the face of natural hazards. Mr. Irias is the author of the Marconi software, which incorporates many geospatial capabilities and aids in scenario planning, emergency response, and rapid seismic modeling.

ABSTRACT
Payback with Dividends: A Case Study of Implementing Geospatial Technology at a Water Utility The investment in GIS has the potential for payback of multiple dividends. The benefits are clear to those in the profession, but the key to securing support for any geospatial project is to show the actual monetary value of the benefits. The East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) is a water/wastewater utility serving 1,300,000 customers in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. With 4,200 miles of pipeline, hundreds of facilities, tens of thousands of valves and 375,000 customer accounts, EBMUD relies on its GIS to operate, maintain and upgrade its system. EBMUD converted its drawings and maps to digital format in the 1990’s. About a decade later, EBMUD converted that system to a modern GIS. That conversion led to increased efficiency in hydraulic modeling and cleared the way for mobile technology to support field maintenance activities. This paper presents a case history of a GIS implementation at a water utility and provides details on areas where real savings were realized.

Ilhami Ismail
Head of Geomatics
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Malaysia





BIO
Ilhami Ismail is an engineer by qualification. He obtained his Bachelor of Science (Civil Engineering) from University of Nevada at Reno, United States of America in 1988. Upon graduation, he joined Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) in 1989. He was involved in the transmission line and substation construction activities in Transmission Division of TNB until 2007 when he joined the ICT Division. In ICT Division, he was part of the team who worked together with a team of consultants to formulate TNB’s 10 Year GIS Master Plan. In 2008, when TNB went ahead to implement the Corporate Geospatial Information System project based on the Master Plan, he was appointed as the Project Manager. Currently, he is the Head of the Geomatics Unit in ICT Division of TNB.

ABSTRACT
Monetising Geospatial Value and Practises for Business Enterprise: Tenaga Nasional Berhad’s (TNB) Corporate Geospatial Information System (CGIS)
A GIS implementation on a large scale (in TNB’s case, Corporate-wide) requires careful analysis and planning beforehand. Such an endeavour would require a substantial investment, especially on data related activities (collection, conversion, migration, updating, etc.), not just during the initial stages but also during the years thereafter to ensure whatever data that has been compiled in the system remains current and updated. In TNB’s case, the due diligence was conducted via a 10 Year GIS Master Plan Study in 2008 which concluded that there is a business case for implementing GIS in TNB. At the most basic level, GIS implementation in TNB is aimed at improving the efficiency of selected existing work processes with the introduction of GIS tools and functionalities to aid users in their daily tasks. Critical and high impact processes within the Asset Management lifecycle (Asset Planning, Construction, Operation and Maintenance) were identified and selected to ensure that value creation from the GIS implementation is maximized. Improved efficiency of the various business processes is intended to be the catalyst for better productivity/output, cost effective decision making for planning, operation and maintenance stages and ultimately, improved bottom line for the company.

Dan Shannon
Business Consultant
Telus
Canada




BIO
Dan Shannon is a Senior Program Manager with TELUS Communications, responsible for Geospatial Operations Architecture. Beginning with BC Tel, Dan worked as a Forecaster, Drafting Supervisor, and Engineering Manager before moving to Edmonton in 2005 to lead the TELUS Geomatics Data Operations team. Dan earned an MBA from Athabasca University, and a Post Graduate Certificate in Knowledge Management from Royal Roads University. He graduated from the College of New Caledonia's Drafting Technology program in Prince George. Over the past several years Dan has spoken and taught on geospatial issues across North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, particularly regarding GIS Project Management and Return on Investment. Dan has served on the Board of Directors for the Geospatial Information Technology Association (GITA) since 2005. He is past president and current board member of the Integrated Cadastral Information Society, and a member of NAIT's Geomatics Advisory Committee.

ABSTRACT
Geospatial IT ROI in the Telecommunications Industry
Calculating Return on Investment (ROI) for Geospatial IT investments presents unique challenges for Telecommunications firms. This session will lead delegates through those challenges and present actionable strategies for overcoming them. Communications firms in the twenty first century are essentially IT companies. Core investments are network centric. As a result competition for capital in IT related is arguably more intense than for other utility firms. Additionally, telecoms, like other utilities, initially invested heavily in Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) to manage their distributed assets. Internally focused systems are not well positioned to deliver market focused solutions that leverage the broad spectrum of corporate business intelligence. In a highly competitive environment, telecommunications providers need to know with confidence where their network assets are. But more importantly, they need to understand the services those assets can provide, the nature of the marketplace into which they are providing those services, and the geographical relationship between those assets and potential customers. The ROI of Geospatial IT in today’s telecoms requires the integration of geospatially managed assets with enterprise wide corporate intelligence. It means winning support from new stakeholders, addressing challenging integration issues head on, and proving Geospatial IT can deliver far more than simple cost savings.

Rosina Howe
Chief Innovation Officer & Group
Director of Innovation & InfoComm Tech
Land Transport Authority
Singapore



BIO
Rosina Howe is the Chief Innovation Officer and Group Director, Innovation and InfoComm Technology for the Land Transport Authority of Singapore (LTA), a statutory board under the Ministry of Transport which spearheads land transport development in Singapore. Howe is responsible for the formulation and implementation of LTA’s e-government transformation strategy through value innovation in process re-design, new product development and service delivery.

ABSTRACT
Leveraging Geospatial for Development of Transport Hub
Singapore faces increasing population growth and travel demand, changing demographics and expectations, against a backdrop of limited land space. These challenges have posed for the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore the need to integrate land use and transport planning as a more sustainable development. Leveraging on the innovative use of GIS technologies and spatial analytics, LTA developed a national Land Transport GIS Hub capable of meshing engineering designs with transport planning and road safety. Through this repository of data, LTA also provides up-to-date information services to motorists and commuters such as road incidents, travel speeds, availability of parking spaces and public transport services through smart devices. In our pursuit to deliver innovative solutions to enable the public to make informed decisions, LTA has adopted an open approach to data-sharing by providing GIS data free-of-charge to companies, third-party developers and research institutions. This move has been successful in nurturing young start-ups and co-creating with established companies for complex solutions, while generating greater community involvement in managing very diverse transport demands. This multi-pronged approach has yielded significant benefits to the nation by allowing the Authority to concentrate on providing efficient traffic and transport solutions while leveraging on the creativity and nimbleness of the private and people sectors to offer high impact transport applications. This public-private-people partnership has effectively brought the strengths of each sector together in managing complex urban issues like transport demands.

Nigel Stroud
Geometry Information
Manager, Knowledge& Information Management
Heathrow Airport
UK



BIO
Nigel has worked for 25 years in the construction industry, Implementing CAD workflows and evangelising in efficient approaches to reusing geometry information. As a practitioner he has adopted a ‘keep it real’ approach. Privileged to have worked for the duration of BAA’s Terminal 5 project setting up and on-going management of the Common Data Environment and geometry deliverables. He is currently working in Capital Programmes leading BAA's Information Modelling strategy.

ABSTRACT
Heathrow Map Live: The Challenge of Managing Heathrow’s Assets
Managing our assets is a massive and complex challenge. The information about our assets is vital for the safety and operational status of our airport. Heathrow own and operate a number of utility infrastructure systems and ensuring that these services are in good condition and protecting them against unplanned disruption is vital to the smooth operation of the business. The Heathrow estate consists of 3,000 acres of land incorporating 5 passenger Terminal buildings and 300 other buildings of mixed usage. The airport is served by a vast network of underground services criss-crossing each other in every direction. This includes more than 350 miles of cable ducts, 135 miles of pressurised water pipes and 285 miles of water drainage, making our underground services infrastructure some of the most densely populated ground in the UK. The high volume of construction at the airport means that the risk of disruption to the infrastructure is ever present. The maintenance and operational teams need ready access to coordinated mapping and services information of the highest quality on which to base informed cost effective decisions. These activities range from repairing a leaking pipe to planning the airfields works programme. While our Planning and Development teams utilise the information to design and construct new facilities in appropriate locations. For them access to quality information about existing infrastructure is vital to confirm the feasibility and accurate costs of a future project.This session will describe how Heathrow Map Live has given the business a graphical view of our asset information and enabled real time smart decision making.

Oscar Jarquin
Former Caltrans GIS
Program Manager California Department
of Transportation
USA



BIO
Oscar E. Jarquin is currently the Chief of the Office of Information Technology for the California Department of Transportation, District 7 in Los Angeles. Oscar is a licensed land surveyor and certified in IT management and as a GIS professional. He started his GIS career in the late 80’s integrating Computer Aided Design and Drafting software and geospatial databases to support strategic planning and transportation policy. In 1997, he was the driving force in establishing a GIS program in the Caltrans district office in Los Angeles where he led the branch until 2002. From 2009 to 2012 he served on a committee of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program that undertook a value analysis of geospatial technology implementations in state departments of transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. Oscar served as an executive board member of the California Geographic Information Association and president of the Sacramento chapter of the California Land Surveyors Association.

ABSTRACT
The “Why” of Developing Data
This presentation focuses on aligning geospatial data development with the mission of the organization to maximize the benefits and justify the cost. It discusses governance and service levels and takes a high level overview of the value of a GIS program and its largest cost item. Mr. Jarquin will discuss the role of geospatial technology and data development in the organizations information lifecycle. “Management of information is the single, biggest factor to the success of any company” – That statement is true for every organization from a government size company down to a one-person enterprise. It is also the case that the bigger the organization the bigger the information management challenge will be. At its most basic form, every organization has a mission that is accomplished via actions. The actions taken are based on decisions, and those decisions are based on knowledge. A decision makers’ knowledge is based on information and information is based on data. This process of creating results from actions that were based on decisions that were based on information that was based on data, in turn creates a new reality and generates more data.

Greg Babinski
KCGIS Center Project
Manager King County Municipality
USA




BIO
Greg Babinski holds an MA in geography from Wayne State University in Detroit. He has worked for 23 years in GIS management and consulting, currently as the Finance and Marketing Manager for the King County GIS Center in Seattle. Greg has performed extensive original research in GIS management and finance. He is a frequent author and presenter for URISA, GFOA, Esri, etc. Greg has been active for 21 years in URISA, the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. He is an author and instructor for URISA workshops and the URISA Leadership Academy. Greg is founder and Chief Editor of The Summit, the Washington State GIS Newsletter. He is the Chair of the URISA GIS Management Institute and immediate Past-President of URISA.

ABSTRACT
King County Uses ROI Methodology to Prove the Financial Benefits of GIS
For private industry or public agencies, enterprise GIS is expensive to develop, maintain, and operate. Hence GIS is often implemented only after an organization performs a detailed cost-benefit analysis to justify the financial investment. There is extensive literature on performing a cost-benefit analysis to forecast the financial benefit from implementing enterprise GIS. However, rarely do agencies look back after their enterprise GIS has been completed and put into operation to analyze and measure their actual return on investment (ROI). When they do, such efforts are often hampered by questionable methodology and lack of credibility. This paper discusses the challenges and benefits of an after-the-fact GIS ROI analysis performed for the King County GIS Center, located in Seattle, Washington. King County’s enterprise GIS has been in operation for more than 20 years and supports a regional government that serves 1.9 million people. The King County GIS ROI study was completed in 2012 by a team from the University of Washington, led by Prof. Richard O. Zerbe of the Evans School of Public Policy, Cost-Benefit Analysis Center. The study covered the period from the initial development of KCGIS in 1992 through 2010, after more than a decade of full enterprise GIS operation. The methodology used for the King County GIS ROI analysis will be outlined and the results summarized. Lessons learned from the KCGIS study will be presented and recommendations made for a standardized GIS ROI measurement approach. The benefits to society and to the GIS profession of a comprehensive program of studying GIS ROI will also be outlined. This presentation will be of value to agencies to measure the benefits realized from their GIS investment and to help enhance confidence in projected ROI for future GIS investments.

Manny Rios
President & CEO
American Modern
Insurance Group
USA




BIO
Manny Rios is President and Chief Executive Offi cer of American Modern Insurance Group, Inc. (American Modern). American Modern provides niche solutions for manufactured homes; rental, seasonal, vacant and owner-occupied homes; collector vehicles, boats, motorcycles; and select commercial lines particularly schedules of rental property. Prior to joining American Modern, Manny was appointed to Senior Vice President and named the Chief Underwriter (2007) at United Services Auto Association (USAA); a member centric property casualty company with over 11 million policies in force. The focus is on serving the military and their families. Manny worked extensively with predictive modeling and geo spatial technology in an effort to manage a rapidly growing risk portfolio. Manny was named the Chief Underwriter of Homesite Insurance (1999) and spent eight years from the inception of the mono line start up. He was an early user of geo spatial technology (GIS) and was the recipient of the “Best Effusion Award”. Manny began his career at the Allstate Insurance Company (1985), where he initially started in the controller function as a Financial Analyst. Manny earned an M.A. in Organization Development from University of Incarnate Word as well as a B.A. in Business Administration from Benedictine College. He participated in the ROTC Program while in college and served in the U.S. Army National Guard.