Abstract
Height Accuracy Assessment of Total Station versus Digital Level
It is well known that Differential levels are mainly designed for leveling operations. Leveling process is essential for many engineering applications requiring high height accuracy. The main purpose, however for Total stations is the three-dimensional positioning, setting out and collection of data for topographic data and digital elevation models. In this paper, the height determination accuracy by Total Stations is evaluated and compared to that of a digital level tested in the same environment. Two level lines of different lengths were tested using three total stations and one digital level. The closure error for test 1 (level line length is 250m) achieved by the digital level is 1.6mm, for the tested total stations are 2.3mm, 2.5mm and 2.3mm. For the second test (level line is 450m) digital closure error obtained is 1.2mm, while for the tested total stations 1.3mm, 1.2mm and 1.2mm. For a short level line of length 250m the digital level accuracy is noticeably higher, while for the longer level line (450m) the accuracy of the total station compete well with the digital level. It can then be concluded that total stations can very well replace digital levels for leveling work required for level lines longer than 450m.

Abstract
A land price prediction model using multi-scale data and Urbanism
Along with the increased attention to low-carbon and pedestrian-oriented development, urban analyses focusing on finer scale are required increasingly. Land values, one of the key factors for urban socio-economic analyses, have long been dealt with in larger scales such as administrative zones. However, for pedestrian-level analyses, coarse scale data from different sources need to be converted to integrated micro-level data. In the study, we suggest a method to integrate such multi-source, multi-level data into a single unit data. We used geo-statistical and spatial analysis approach in order to construct synthetic cell-based data resolving the heterogeneity. On the other hand, urban models that provide integrated analysis for both land and transportation are getting attention recently. UrbanSim, one of such integrated models, provides different analytical functions including micro cell-unit analysis and dynamic time-series analysis. The suggested processes are tested in Seoul City and the resulting predicted land values are illustrated.

Abstract
Using Ant Colony System to produce session schedules for GPS surveying networks
A GPS network can be defined as a set of stations which are coordinated by a series of sessions formed by placing receivers on the stations. The problem addressed is to determine the order in which each GPS receiver should be moved between the points giving the cheapest schedule using heuristic techniques within the field of Operational Research. Solving large networks to optimality requires impractical running time. To avoid this, the Ant Colony approach tries to provide near-optimal solutions when an acceptable amount of computational effort has been implemented. Computational results are presented to show the effectiveness and performance of the developed Ant Colony technique with respect to solution quality and the computational effort using a GPS network in Tehran.

Abstract
GIS based tectonic map of Kouhpayeh of Kerman, Central Iran
Kouhpayeh region in NE of Kerman is one of the most complex tectonic areas in Iran. Various morphotectonic features with their complicated geotectonic set-up influence the area to be tectonically very active. In order to obtain a comprehensive idea about tectonic settings of this area, it is essential to prepare a tectonic map based on geological field observations. Most parts of the study area are highly inaccessible and difficult for geological field survey. So, we made the first attempt to produce the regional geology map of the study area as well as of the adjoining region with the help of remotely sensed data available via satellite imagery, aerial photographs, studied in conjunction with available geologic maps of the area. All morphotectonic lineaments were drawn and their significance evaluated later by comparing the available information on ground truth. Then the tectonic map of the study area prepared and used for correlation with geologic study. It was desired to develop a new tectonic map incorporating all the major faults and lineaments that exist in geologic maps with the help of GIS.

Madhumita Rao
Director
Pitney Bowes Software
India


Abstract
Optimizing The Real World Geocoding Issues Of Unstructured Addresses In Developing Countries
Geocoding is the process of assigning an XY coordinate pair to the description of a place commonly called as address which is the most commonly used references for locating information, by comparing the descriptive location-specific elements to those in reference data. The most commonly used approach to geocoding employs a street network data model, in which addresses are placed along a street segment based on a linear interpolation of the location of the street number within an address range. In developing countries where the availability of GIS data infrastructure is limited or not existing in structured manner, the major challenge to an accurate geocoding remains in nonexistence of reference datasets or GIS data infrastructure (Croner 2003, United Nations Economic Commission 2005). This phenomenon is just not related only to non-availability of GIS infrastructure or scarcity of Geospatial skills but related to real world scenario as well where on the ground does not have an official street name or a street got developed because of anthropogenic pressure. The development of basic GIS reference datasets face challenges with existence of slums that are mobile in nature, containing features that are not street addressable, and lack of addressing system or schemes (Davis 1993, Oppong 1999, Davis etal. 2003, United Nations Economic Commission 2005). These challenges are not limited to developing countries but exists with developed countries as well such as United States, the existence of rural address and post box addresses are the major challenges for developing a robust Geocoder (Gregorio et al. 1999, Boscoe et al. 2002, Hurley et al. 2003, McElroy et al. 2003, Schootman et al. 2004, Gaffney et al. 2005, Oliver et al. 2005).This paper reviews the limitation of existing geocoding techniques and address the issues that how geocoding can be implemented over incomplete and possibly unstructured addressing data which is prevailing in most of the developing countries. A case study of India has been taken where Point of Interest data (POI) such as important place names, landmarks, business centers, etc have been incorporated along with spatial search capabilities and customized phonetic algorithms to address the non- availability of street name and unstructured house numbers as an input. An Indian geocoder on Generic Geocoding Engine has been developed and data schema has been designed that yields high precision and high performance for interactive as well as bulk geocoding.

Abstract
Cadastre Information System (FBSIC)
The Cadastre Information System (FBSIC) was designed to meet the needs and activities of entities or organizations to whom is important to ensure the dynamic control of cadastral and land management. In a simplified view the key benefits include: improved efficiency of business processes, more cost effectiveness, best customer service, best decision making, greater efficiency in information sharing. The presentation will consist on a brief description of project life cycle and its main milestones, business requirements, scalability, interoperability and standards issues. It will proceed with a demonstration of the solution focusing on key business processes and activities, including quality control, tracing and a platform for the approval process by the client. The demonstration will show the different map management capabilities focusing geographical, alphanumeric and imagery handling as well as associated documents and business outputs.